End-to-end outcomes · one chain
OI-ITP-0058 — Invoice to pay
One invoice followed from a supplier invoice is received to the payment clears and reconciles against the bank statement, across every function and tower it touched. more
State
Closed
Every stage of the service was found and the last one finished inside the sampled week.
Chain cycle
4.7 d
Wall clock, first stage start to last stage end
Of which waiting
2.5 d
54% of the chain was queue, not work
Cost to serve
$89.63
8 touches over 3 stages
A person intervened
2×
At 2 stages, marked below
Match confidence
0.62
Cohort
What this chain is, and how sure we are it is one chain
Identity, counterparty and the correlation key
The unit
Petronel Energy
Germany · Europe · EUR
Started Mon, Aug 10, 20:10, ended Sat, Aug 15, 13:46.
How the stages were joined
Cohort · 0.62
The chain crosses a boundary and no usable party join exists on either side. more
A chain is only as sure as its weakest join, so the figure above is the minimum across the 2 joins below, not their average.
How much of the service ran
3 / 3
2 functions · 2 towers
Every stage the service defines was found for this unit.
The chain, stage by stage
3 stages · 2.5 d waiting · 2.2 d in work
01Invoice received a person intervened
CG-S2P-003733Supplier invoiceap-automationProcurementS2PKatarzyna Nowak
The chain starts here. more
In work
42.8 h
Touches
6
Handling
manual
Join
Origin
On the document
$5,422
Handoff wait before this stage: 47.2 h — nothing was being done to the invoice for that time.
02Payment released
CG-S2P-004004Payment run itemtreasuryFinanceS2P
The document crosses from ap-automation into treasury, where no reference survives. more
In work
2.8 h
Touches
0
Handling
touchless
Join
Inferred 0.76
On the document
$4,333
Handoff wait before this stage: 13.7 h — nothing was being done to the invoice for that time.
03Cash reconciled a person intervened
CG-R2R-006552Bank reconciliation itembank-gatewayFinanceR2RJoachim Vandenberg
At least one side of this step records no party at all, so there is nothing to join on beyond place and timing. more
In work
7.1 h
Touches
2
Handling
assisted
Join
Cohort 0.62
On the document
$6,792
The amounts in the right-hand column are what each document carried, and they are deliberately not added up — the same money is written down once at each of the 3 stages this invoice passed through. This service counts value once, at invoice received, which puts $5,422 against this chain.
Where a person intervened
2 of 3 stages were not touchless
Invoice received
manual
Katarzyna Nowak · Procurement · Source-to-Pay · 6 touches over 42.8 h
Cash reconciled
assisted
Joachim Vandenberg · Finance · Record-to-Report · 2 touches over 7.1 h
Across the 131 complete chains of this service the median is 1, so this one sits above the middle. A stage counts here when its handling is assisted or manual; touchless stages are excluded.
What the time and the money went on
The chain decomposed
Waiting
2.5 d
54% of elapsed time
In work
2.2 d
46% of elapsed time
Waiting and work are an exhaustive split of the 4.7 d this chain took — every hour is in one bucket or the other. The longest single wait was 47.2 h before payment released.
Cost to serve, $89.63
8 touches at 11 minutes of loaded time each$85.07
3 stages of inference and system cost$4.56
Cost to serve is modeled from the touches the ledger recorded, not billed from a timesheet. more
No stage on this chain raised an exception.
The same chain for the whole week, as a distribution
131 complete invoice to pay chains, 10–16 August 2026
this chain sits at the 89th percentile
2
12
19
32
26
22
14
2
1
1
23.5 hten equal bands of chain cycle time7.0 d
Median chain
3.4 d
p25 2.8 d · p75 4.2 d
Slowest tenth
4.7 d
worst seen 7.0 d
Median waiting
2.6 d
76% of the median chain is queue
Median cost
$15.19
p90 $57.73
The mean of 3.5 d sits above the median of 3.4 d, which is why the distribution is drawn rather than reported as an average: the gap between the median and the slowest tenth is 32.1 h, and it is that tail, not the average, that customers of this service actually feel. The commitment is 168 hours; no chain started early enough in a one-week window to be judged against it.
The ledger behind these chains is one week, 10 to 16 August 2026, which is 168 hours. A chain that had not finished when the week ended is open, not late: the week simply stopped watching it. A chain whose commitment falls after the end of the week could never have been seen to miss, so its service level reads not measurable rather than holding. Nothing on these pages should be read as a monthly or annual attainment. This chain both started and finished inside that week, so its cycle time is a measurement.